Linguistics
| abbr. | stand for | cn | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | International Phonetic Alphabet | 国际音标 | |
| K.K. | Kenyon and Knott | 肯扬-克诺特音标 | 一种美式英语音标系统,常用于美语词典 |
| D.J. | Daniel Jones | 丹尼尔·琼斯音标 | 一种英式英语音标系统,常用于英式词典 |
| NOAD | New Oxford American Dictionary | 牛津美语词典 | 牛津大学出版社出版的美式英语词典 |
| RP | Received Pronunciation | 标准英音 | 英国标准发音,常用于英国广播等正式场合 |
| GA | General American | 普通美音 | 美国英语的标准发音 |
| SAMPA | Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet | 语音评估方法音标 | 一种基于ASCII的音标系统,用于语音技术 |
| X-SAMPA | Extended SAMPA | 扩展SAMPA | SAMPA的扩展版本,支持更多语言的音标表示 |
| en | cn | meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Linguistics | 语言学 | |
| Phonetics | 语音学 | |
| Phonology | 音系学,音位学 | |
| Phoneme | 音素,音位 | |
| Morpheme | 词素 | |
| Word | 单词 | |
| Sentence | 句子 | |
| Paragraph | 段落 | |
| Chapter | 章节 | |
| Book | 书籍 | |
| Article | 文章 | |
| Alphabet | 字母 | |
| Consonant | 辅音 | |
| Vowel | 元音 | |
| Consonant Cluster | 辅音连缀 | |
| Vowel Cluster | 元音连缀 | |
| Plosive | 爆破音 | |
| Fricative | 擦音 | |
| Approximant | 近似音 | |
| Nasal | 鼻音 | |
| Lateral | 边音 | |
| Semi-vowel | 半元音 | |
| Glide | 滑音 | |
| Semivowel | 半元音 | |
| Diacritic | 重音 | |
| Trill | 颤音 | |
| Tap | 弹音 | |
| Flap | 颤音 | |
| Bilabial | 双唇音 | |
| Labiodental | 唇齿音 | |
| Dental | 齿音 | |
| Alveolar | 牙音 | |
| Postalveolar | 后牙音 | |
| Retroflex | 卷舌音 | |
| Palatal | 软腭音 | |
| Velar | 咽音 | |
| Uvular | 咽音 | |
| Pharyngeal | 咽音 | |
| Epiglottal | 咽音 | |
| Glottal | 咽音 | |
| Click | 咽音 | |
| Fricative | 擦音 | |
| Monotonic | 单调音 | |
| Non-syllabic | 非重读音 | |
| Syllabic | 重读音 | |
| Diphthong | 二合元音 | |
| Triphong | 三合元音 | |
| Quadruple | 四合元音 | |
| Pentuple | 五合元音 | |
| Hexuple | 六合元音 | |
| Heptuple | 七合元音 | |
| Octuple | 八合元音 | |
| Non-rhotic | 非浊辅音,不卷舌 | |
| Rhotic | 浊辅音,卷舌 |
- yomigana
- pinyin
- jyutping
- K.K.
- A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English
- by John Samuel Kenyon, Thomas A. Knott
- 1944
- A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English
- D.J.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician) - 1881 好的,这是为您整理好的完整、美观的 K.K. 音标与现代国际音标 (IPA) 对照表。
- 学习方法论
- 自然拼读 - Phonics
- 解码单词的教学方法
- 建立字母 (Letter) / 字母组合 (Letter Group) 与发音 (Sound) 之间的直接联系
- 自然拼读 - Phonics
- 发音标准/口音模型 (Pronunciation Models / Accents):
- 英式发音 (British English):
- RP (Received Pronunciation): 传统公认发音(标准英音)。
- 美式发音 (American English):
- GA (General American): 通用美式发音(标准美音)。
- 英式发音 (British English):
- 注音工具/符号体系 (Transcription Systems)
- Respell
- 英式音标体系: D.J.
- 美式音标体系
- K.K., SAMPA, X-SAMPA
- NOAD - New Oxford American Dictionary - 牛津美语词典
- 一种为母语者设计的、不使用特殊符号的注音系统。
- Respelling - 重拼法
- A -> ay -> say
- 不需要额外学习一套音标,就能根据已有的拼读知识大致读出单词。
- 词典
- 《牛津高阶》
- 《朗文当代》
- 韦氏词典
- https://www.vocabulary.com/
Awesome
- https://anumat.com/blog/ipa-js/
- 语音合成标记语言(SSML)
- 服务
- 数据
// https://mdn.github.io/dom-examples/web-speech-api/speak-easy-synthesis/
window.speechSynthesis;
参考
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- https://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/html-ipa-keyboard-v1/keyboard/
- https://www.ipachart.com/
- https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/inter_chart_2018/IPA_2018.html
- https://ipachart.app/
FAQ
RP vs GA
- 在中国 美式英语 更多
- 美式英语是行业标准 - color, center, favorite
- en-US
- en-GB
| 特性对比 | RP (Received Pronunciation) | GA (General American) |
|---|---|---|
| 地理位置 | 传统上与英格兰南部的上层社会、精英教育(牛津、剑桥)和 BBC 广播相关联。 | 美国中西部地区的口音被认为是基础,但它更是一个不存在地域特征的“通用”口音。 |
| Rhoticity (R音) | Non-rhotic (不卷舌):只有在元音前才发 /r/ 音。例如 car 读作 /kɑː/,teacher 读作 /ˈtiːtʃə/。 | Rhotic (卷舌):单词拼写中所有的 r 都要发音。例如 car 读作 /kɑːr/,teacher 读作 /ˈtiːtʃər/。 |
| 元音差异 (典型) | bath, path, dance 中的 'a' 发 /ɑː/ (长元音 "啊")。 | bath, path, dance 中的 'a' 发 /æ/ (短元音 "爱")。 |
| t 的发音 | t 音通常清晰送气,如 better /ˈbetə(r)/。 | 两个元音之间的 t 常被浊化 (Flapping),听起来像 /d/,如 better /ˈbedər/。 |
| 流行程度 | 在英国,只有极少数人说纯正的 RP,但它仍然是外国学习者学习英式英语的黄金标准。 | 在美国,GA 及其变体是绝大多数人的口音,也是媒体和影视中最常见的口音。 |
K.K. vs IPA
| Sound Category | K.K. Symbol | Modern IPA Symbol | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monophthongs (Simple Vowels) | ||||
| Fleece | i | iː | bee, meat | K.K. does not typically mark length with a colon. |
| Kit | ɪ, i | ɪ | pity, kid | Early K.K. used i for this sound, which can be confusing. Modern K.K. usage prefers ɪ. |
| Dress | ɛ | ɛ | yet, bed | The most common K.K. symbol is e. |
| Trap | æ | æ | sang, cat | |
| Lot / Palm | ɑ | ɑ | ah, far, cot, watch | GA typically unrounds this vowel, so /ɒ/ is not used. |
| Strut | ʌ | ʌ | custom, above | Used in stressed syllables. |
| Foot | ʊ | ʊ | full, put | |
| Goose | u | uː | tooth, blue | K.K. does not typically mark length with a colon. |
| Schwa | ə | ə | above, sofa | Used in unstressed syllables. |
| Rhotic (R-colored) Vowels | ||||
| Nurse (stressed) | ɝ | ɝ | further, bird | |
| Letter (unstressed) | ɚ | ɚ | further, teacher | |
| Diphthongs (Complex Vowels) | ||||
| Face | e | eɪ | rate, bait | Major difference: K.K. uses a simple e. |
| Goat | o | oʊ | go, boat | Major difference: K.K. uses a simple o. |
| Price | aɪ | aɪ | while, buy | |
| Mouth | aʊ | aʊ | how, now | |
| Choice | ɔɪ | ɔɪ | toy, boil | |
| Consonants | With few exceptions, consonant symbols are identical. | |||
| Whine | hw | ʍ | while, what | Minor difference. hw is phonemically intuitive; /ʍ/ is the formal IPA symbol for a voiceless labio-velar fricative. |
| p | /p/ | pen | ||
| b | /b/ | bat | ||
| t | /t/ | top | ||
| d | /d/ | dog | ||
| k | /k/ | cat | ||
| g | /g/ | go | ||
| f | /f/ | fan | ||
| v | /v/ | van | ||
| θ | /θ/ | thin | ||
| ð | /ð/ | this | ||
| s | /s/ | see | ||
| z | /z/ | zoo | ||
| ʃ | /ʃ/ | she | ||
| ʒ | /ʒ/ | measure | ||
| h | /h/ | hat | ||
| tʃ | /tʃ/ | chin | ||
| dʒ | /dʒ/ | jam | ||
| m | /m/ | man | ||
| n | /n/ | no | ||
| ŋ | /ŋ/ | sing | ||
| l | /l/ | let | ||
| r | /r/ | rate | ||
| j | /j/ | yes | ||
| w | /w/ | we | ||
| Syllabic Consonants | ||||
| m̩ | m̩ | rhythm | ||
| n̩ | n̩ | button | ||
| l̩ | l̩ | bottle | ||
| Vowels before /r/ | In rhotic GA, the /r/ is always pronounced, coloring the preceding vowel. | |||
| Near | ɪr | ɪr | near, beer | |
| Square | ɛr | ɛr | air, square, marry | Most GA speakers merge the vowels in Mary, marry, and merry into one phoneme before /r/. |
| Start | ɑr | ɑr | car, start | |
| North / Force | ɔr | ɔr | north, more, horse | |
| Cure | jʊr | jʊr | cure, pure | Many speakers are shifting this to /ɔr/ (e.g., 'sure' as 'shore'). |
language vs locale
- language
- Refers to the language code, typically following ISO 639-1 (e.g.,
enfor English,zhfor Chinese). - 中文:语言
- Refers to the language code, typically following ISO 639-1 (e.g.,
- locale
- A locale is a combination of language and region (and sometimes script), used to specify regional settings (e.g., date formats, number formats, etc.).
- Commonly formatted as
language_REGION(e.g.,en_US,zh_CN). - Components:
- Language: ISO 639-1 (语言)
- Region/Country: ISO 3166-1 (地区/国家)
- Script (optional): ISO 15924 (如“zh-Hans”表示简体中文)
- 中文:语言环境、地域、文化习惯等
UK vs GB
- UK - United Kingdom - 英国
- The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- GB - Great Britain - 英国
- England, Scotland, Wales